Soft Water and Water Softening Processes Water is the most wonderful, abundant, and useful compound in nature. It is used in industry for conducting of several processes. In industrial uses, hard water causes the problem of deposition of insoluble salts which interferes with the process. Hard water creates several problems such as (i) scale and …
Read MoreDemineralized Water and Demineralization Process In industrial water treatment, demineralization (DM) process refers to the removal of dissolved salts and mineral ions from water and process streams. Demineralization can prove ideal for facilities needing ultra-pure water for a variety of applications. Demineralization is a type of water purification. While it can refer to any treatment …
Read MoreMeasuring Instruments Measurement of process parameters is an important aspect for the control of a process. Examples of the process parameters which are to be measured for control are pressure, temperature, flow, mass, length, and level etc. Measurement is the process by which one can convert physical parameters to meaningful numbers. It is the process …
Read MoreMonel Alloys Monel are a group of alloys of nickel (from 52 % to 67 %) and copper, with small quantities of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel alloys are also known as Monel metal. Monel alloys are not cupro-nickel alloys since they have less than 60 % copper. Monel was created in 1905 by Robert Crooks Stanley, who at that time worked at …
Read MoreValves – Their Components, Classification, and Functions Fluid power is controlled primarily through the use of control devices called valves. Valves are integral components in piping systems. In addition to the function of ‘conducting the fluid medium’, they are the primary method of controlling the flow, pressure, and direction of the fluid. They can be …
Read MoreHastelloy Alloys Hastelloy alloy is a corrosion-resistant nickel (Ni) alloy which contains other chemical elements such as chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo). This material has high temperature resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. Hastelloy alloy has good sulphfidation resistance and high metallurgical stability, which makes it preferable material for high-temperature applications of thermal energy storing and electricity generating devices such as gas …
Read MoreIndustrial Fans and Blowers Fans are normally identified as machines with relatively low pressure rises which move air, gases, or vapours by means of rotating blades or impellers and change the rotating mechanical energy into pressure or work on the gas or vapour. The result of this work on the fluid is in the form …
Read MoreX-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is used to detect and measure the concentration of elements in substances. Fluorescence is the phenomena of absorbing incoming radiation and reradiating it as lower-energy radiation. X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum with energies ranging from 0.1 keV to 100 keV (Fig 1a). X-rays are produced by …
Read MoreSpark Optical Emission Spectrometer Chemical analysis and the identification of metals are used for a wide variety of purposes. These have become necessary to control the incoming goods or to ensure that the manufacturing process produces the product with the correct elemental composition. It is also used in failure investigation to determine if the correct …
Read MoreMagnesia Chrome Refractories Magnesia chrome refractories are basic refractories. These refractories are based on dead burned magnesite or magnesia in combination with chrome containing materials such as chrome ore (chromite). Major constituents of these refractories are magnesium oxide (MgO) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3). Basic refractories containing chrome continue to be an important group of materials …
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